Human life expectancy is increasing rapidly, with some current predictions suggesting that women will pass the 90-year mark relatively soon (well, those lucky enough to be born in South Korea in 2030 anyway). This is amazing when you think that just less than a century ago the average life expectancy in the U.K. in 1921 was 59 for women and just 55 for men.
The fact that we’re living much longer (combined with increases in free leisure time) has meant that more and more older adults are taking part in serious sporting events and achieving things that would not have seemed possible even a few generations ago.
Like Rob Barel winning the men’s 60-64 age group at the 2017 Ironman World Championship in Kona in a staggering 9 hours and 46 minutes—a time that would have placed him in the top 10 of the race overall well into the mid 1980s!
It’s great to see more and more older athletes taking part in endurance events, but how does age affect things like recovery, nutritional and hydration requirements? I’m going to look at that last one in particular and discuss three common traits of aging that mean getting your hydration strategy right all the more important as the years go by.
1. You have less water on board to start with, so dehydration is more of a risk.
Around 60 to 70% of your total body water is locked inside your cells in the intra-cellular fluid (ICF) compartment, with the remainder sloshing around outside them as extra-cellular fluid (ECF).
Because your muscle cells contain a large amount of your ICF volume, the amount of muscle mass you have has a big influence on your total body water levels. Losing lean muscle tissue is an inevitable consequence of getting older (especially past the age of 50), so it follows that your total body water content declines as you age.
I’ve seen it reported that losing four to six liters of total body water between the ages of 20 and 80 is in the normal range, though there’s not a complete consensus in this area and my guess is that this may well vary considerably from individual to individual.
Although training (especially lifting weights) can help to reduce the loss of muscle mass with aging to a certain degree, it’s basically impossible to halt it altogether. With this loss of muscle you also lose a significant chunk of your “reservoir” of fluids as you age, meaning that dehydration when you’re sweating a lot can occur more rapidly than it can for younger athletes.
2. You tend to lose more water through urine, so dehydration is more of a risk.
Another thing that impacts hydration levels in older people is the fact that kidney function tends to deteriorate as you get older as well. Reduced kidney function means less concentrated urine can be produced and, as a result, more free water is lost when you pee.
This may be compounded in some by a reduction in levels of aldosterone, a hormone responsible for helping your body hold onto water more effectively.
3. Your sensation of thirst is diminished, so—you guessed it—dehydration is more of a risk!
A study published in 2001 clearly demonstrated that, while adults over 65 tended to drink sufficient fluids to maintain normal hydration status on a day-to-day basis, when their hydration levels were challenged by periods of sweating, their sensation of thirst—and therefore their tendency to rehydrate effectively—was compromised when compared with younger people.
The participants tended to correct this dehydration eventually, but possibly more slowly than would be compatible with optimal recovery from performance in high intensity sport.
These three factors suggest that older athletes need to be a bit more diligent with their hydration practices than younger people as the margin for error is reduced and the risk of dehydration is increased.
What can older athletes do to stay hydrated?
1. Be aware that you probably need to drink a bit more
This would be a good start. But, beware, I’ve written about the perils of dramatically over-consuming fluids before. In a nutshell, hyponatremia is a very real risk and this can really impact your performance and make you pretty ill, so that advice needs to be handled with common sense and care.
2. Take in additional sodium with your fluids when you’re sweating
Sodium helps you hold on to more water in your extra-cellular fluid and bloodstream and this reduces cardiovascular strain, helping you maintain your performance. It can also help you avoid cramps.
The concentrations of sodium in your body fluids are finely balanced by various mechanisms, so it can be a sensible idea to add a bit of extra salt to your food, and/or some sodium supplements in your drinks, at times when you know your hydration levels might be challenged. Increasing your sodium intake also increases thirst, which should urge you to drink more too.
Finally, it’s very important for older athletes to start training or events properly hydrated and to ensure they rehydrate effectively after they’ve finished.
If you’re an older athlete who struggles with hydration issues like dehydration or cramping after longer periods of sweating, it’s worth taking my free online Sweat Test to help you get started with personalizing your hydration strategy. And, if you have any questions at all, just drop me an email.
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This article originally appeared at Trainingpeaks.com
Andy Blow has a few top 10 Ironman and 70.3 finishes and an XTERRA world age group title to his name. He founded Precision Hydration to help athletes solve their hydration issues. He has a degree in Sport and Exercise Science and was the Team Sports Scientist for Benetton and Renault F1 teams.
From Triathlete